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In linguistics, clitic doubling, or pronominal reduplication is a phenomenon by which clitic pronouns appear in verb phrases together with the full noun phrases that they refer to (as opposed to the cases where such pronouns and full noun phrases are in complementary distribution). Clitic doubling is found in many languages, including Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Degema, Greek, Persian, Romanian, Somali, Italian, and Spanish. The conditions on clitic doubling vary from language to language, generally depending on well-known properties of the objects along the Animacy Hierarchy (allowing, requiring, or forbidding clitic-doubling for different kinds of objects). In this regard, clitic doubling for objects can be viewed as a species of Differential Object Marking. == Spanish == Spanish is one well-known example of clitic-doubling language, having clitic doubling for both direct and indirect objects. Because standard Spanish grammatical structure does not draw a clear distinction between an indirect object and a direct object referring to a person or another animate entity (see Spanish prepositions), it is common but not compulsory to use clitic doubling to clarify. Compare: :''Conocí a Juan''. "I met Juan." (Direct object: ''a Juan'') :''Di un regalo a Juan''. "I gave a gift to Juan." (Direct object: ''un regalo''; indirect object: ''a Juan'') In such constructions, the indirect object can be expressed both as a full noun phrase and as a clitic in order to note that the noun phrase beginning with ''a'' (to) should be understood as an indirect object: :''Le di un regalo a mi madre.'' "I gave my mother a gift." :''A mis invitados siempre les ofrezco café.'' "I always offer coffee to my guests." :''No les des comida a los animales.'' "Do not give food to the animals." The above, if literally translated into English, would be redundant: This usage is highly preferred for many verbs, but for some verbs it is not compulsory, and it would also be valid to say: "''Siempre ofrezco café a mis invitados''", without clitic doubling. Similarly, the direct object may also be doubled, with both the direct object pronoun and the full noun phrase, but this is not as common as indirect clitic doubling and is usually influenced by definiteness, animacy, and specificity. :''(Lo) vi a tu papá en la tienda.'' "I saw your dad at the store." :''El otro día (la) conocí a su esposa.'' "The other day I met his wife." One particular use is to clarify emphatic structures: :''Ese regalo se lo di a él.'' "I gave him that gift." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「clitic doubling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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